Aids 1 essays

Helps 1 expositions Helps Related Stigma Since the presence of AIDS in the late seventies and mid eighties, the ailment has had appended to it a noteworthy social shame. This disgrace has showed itself as separation, evasion and dread of individuals living with AIDS (PLWAs). Accordingly, the social ramifications of the malady have been reached out from those of other dangerous conditions forthright at which PLWAs are confronted with a terminal sickness as well as social seclusion and steady separation all through society. Different clarifications have been proposed with regards to the hidden reasons for this vilification. Numerous investigations point to the relationship the ailment has with degenerate conduct. Others recommend that dread of virus is the genuine offender. Looking at the current writing and placing it into cultural setting persuades that there is nobody cause. Rather, there would give off an impression of being an assortment of related variables that impact societys mentalities towards A IDS and PLWAs. As the quantity of individuals tainted with HIV builds, social laborers are and will be progressively called upon to manage and serve PLWAs. In spite of the fact that not every single social laborer decided to work with PLWAs, the heightening frequency of HIV disease is making a circumstance in which sera constructive individuals are and will appear all the more regularly in practically all regions of social work practice. This paper expects to look at AIDS related shame and the slander procedure, ideally giving bits of knowledge into countering the impacts of disgrace and maybe the chance of destigmatization. This is of specific relevance to the field of social work because of our developing contribution with the HIV positive populace. Relationship to Deviant/Marginal Behavior one of the most unmistakably and regularly distinguished reasons for AIDS related shame is its relationship to degenerate conduct. The ailment has had and still has a solid associ... <!

Business Law #1 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Law #1 - Case Study Example The California Supreme Court and the U.S. Court of Appeals excused the charges against the respondents on the authority of People v Krivade that was chosen by the California Supreme Court. In the said case, the California Supreme Court held that warrantless waste pursuits damage the Fourth Amendment and the California Constitution. The State law of California gives that Californians reserve the privilege to security in their trash and can't be assessed without warrant. The U.S. Preeminent Court conceded certiorari and switched the choice of the U.S. Court of Appeals. It finished up as per most by far of lower courts that have tended to the issue that the Fourth Amendment doesn't forbid warrantless inquiry and seizure of trash left for assortment outside the curtilage of a home. The U.S. Incomparable Court put together its choice with respect to various comparable cases that were at that point chose. It said that the warrantless seizure of trash sacks left at the check outside the Greenwood house would abuse the Fourth Amendment just if respondents showed an abstract desire for protection in their trash that society acknowledges as dispassionately sensible. What an individual purposely opens to the general population, even in his own home or office, is anything but a subject of Fourth Amendment arrangements. The U.S.

Example of Six-Step Decision Plan Free Essays

Rainier Joseph S. Viacrucis. MBA-1 Managerial Decision Making Using the six-advance Decision-Making process: 1. We will compose a custom article test on Case of Six-Step Decision Plan or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now Recognizing the Problem and its subtleties: a. A youngster is asking his/her folks to purchase a top of the line device that is the pattern/must-have of his/her age (ex. I-telephone or I-cushion) as a present for his/her birthday b. The adolescent is given a recompense of 200 pesos for every school day. c. The family is living on a careful spending plan, and is cutting its expense †the guardians would prefer not to spend past the recompense of the youngster. d. There are conceivable low maintenance employments accessible however there are no known point by point realities on them. Assignment: Help the guardians choose the best answer for the circumstance/what to do in the circumstance. 2. Creating Possible Alternatives: a. Purchase Gadget †Buy the device promptly; since it is the birthday of their youngster; he/she may be a kid once in a blue moon, this will show that you truly care about him/her. b. Prize System †Negotiation of a prize framework for better evaluations or test results. The tests results or better evaluations must merit the prize. . Purchase Gadget Substitute †Parents can by a substitute of the top of the line contraption; which may resemble the genuine article or have a similar usefulness with the famous one yet with a much lower cost. d. Carport deal continues †The parent and youngster can consent to sell old things of the adolescent by means of â€Å"Garage Sale† and the returns of the undertaki ng will be utilized to purchase the contraption the youngster needs. e. Low maintenance Job †The youngster can select to do low maintenance work. It might require some investment to get together the cash expected to purchase the device. f. Portion Payment of the Gadget †The guardians can purchase the contraption by means of â€Å"installment basis† and will remove the stipend for a huge sum which will be utilized to pay/help pay the regularly scheduled payment. g. Coordinating Savings (50/50 reserve funds) †The parent will coordinate the measure of investment funds every day of the youngster and will store the sum to the bank for protection, while the adolescent can have the passbook and have a joint signatory with his/her parent. h. Installment by Service †in-house low maintenance employment of the young person. . Don’t Buy The Gadget †Let the adolescent comprehend that you are living on a careful spending plan, and he/she should do his/her part. Make him/her see that the device he/she needs to purchase is superfluous. 3. Assessing the Possible Alternatives: a. Purchase Gadget †â€Å"We’ll get it! Upbeat birthday†¦ we love you! † I. Positive: The guardians can make the young person realize that they care for him/her. ii. Negative: The motion will simply ruin the young person; he/she won't know the estimation of cash/the contraption purchased. iii. Negative: The Family is on a careful spending plan; costs should just be on fundamental things †the device is to a greater extent an extravagance the family can’t bear the cost of these days. b. Prize System †â€Å"Good Job! Here’s your Reward! † I. Positive: The adolescent will give extra exertion in his/her investigations and different exercises. ii. Positive: The young person will esteem more the contraption, since he/she buckled down in contemplating or do well in different exercises to get it. iii. Positive: The System will energize great conduct and progressively profitable exercises. iv. Negative: What if there is no prize? The prize will be the inspiration of the youngster and this will convolute connections, particularly when the parent can’t convey the expected prize. v. Negative: could cultivate an unfortunate dependence on grown-up supposition as opposed to shaping their own on the grounds that they are continually searching for reaffirmation or endorsement by means of a grown-up ordered honor framework. c. Purchase Gadget Substitute †â€Å"Here†¦ It has similar highlights, yet it’s more practical†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I. Positive: If the Teenager can surely know the circumstance of the family-being on financial plan; he/she will value that he/she was as yet purchased a contraption of the comparable capacities. I. Positive: The adolescent will know the estimation of cash. iii. Positive: the adolescent will figure out how to be content on less complex things. iv. Negative: since the young person realizes that the contraption is less expensive, he/she won't esteem/take care the devic e. v. Negative: the young person may become frustrated that he/she is just given a substitute of the one he/she needs. d. Carport Sale Proceeds †â€Å"To purchase what you need, you should sell what you don’t need. † I. Positive: The young person will esteem the article, since he lost something he had so as to get it. I. Positive: The teenager’s expertise in selling things will be practiced †he is rehearsing to be another business visionary. iii. Positive: The teenager’s room will be more all together. iv. Negative: What if the teenager’s need isn't good/not acceptable? †He/she will sell what he/she has simply to get it. Far more terrible, he/she may sell all the things in your home. v. Negative: Sense of Sentimental incentive for things won't be perceived by the youngster. e. Low maintenance work †â€Å"If you truly need it, you should work for it. † I. Positive: It gives the feeling of freedom to the young person. ii. Positive: The adolescent will become familiar with the abilities of Time Management. iii. Positive: The youngster will have his/her own wellspring of salary. iv. Positive: He/she will gain proficiency with the estimation of cash †he/she will discover that it is difficult to acquire/procure it. v. Negative: It will be difficult for the young person to concentrate on his/her examinations. vi. Negative: he/she will be enticed to drop out of school, since he/she has just begun to acquire cash. vii. Negative: He/she will be worried in taking care of the two schools and work. . Portion installment of Gadget †â€Å"You’ll pay for it over some stretch of time with part of your remittance. † I. Positive: You can place it in your spending plan. Rather than paying everything, you can pay for it over the timeframe. ii. Positive: Some systems/Company offers packs including their administration (Post Paid pl ans of Networks) iii. Positive: The youngster will figure out how to spending his funds. iv. Negative: The intrigue is high when you pay for a thing in a portion premise. v. Negative: The young person may learn of different approaches to gain cash (which may not be acceptable) †to make up for the cut in remittance. g. Coordinating reserve funds †â€Å"I’ll coordinate what you spare, so we can get it. † I. Positive: It gives a feeling of organization between the youngster and the guardians. ii. Positive: It shows the youngster the estimation of investment funds. iii. Negative: He/she will be progressively anxious to spare; he/she may forfeit his/her essential needs just to purchase the thing. iv. Negative: He/she may not apply more exertion to extra-curricular exercises which could upgrade his abilities and information. . Negative: Since the young person is sparing, He/she may not blend more with companions who could hurt the improvement of his/her social abilities. h. Installment by administration †â€Å"I’ll get it, however you’ll need to do this†¦. † I. Positive: The young person will discover that you have to accomplish something before you can have something. ii. Positive: The youngster will figure out how to show restraint. iii. Positive: Teenager will get familiar with the essential family aptitudes which are significant later on. iv. Negative: The young person will do nothing inside the house if not paid/remunerated or the like. . Negative: There will be no awareness of other's expectations for the youngster †since he/she will do the family unit errands at a cost. I. Don’t Buy The Gadget †â€Å"We don’t need it, we should purchase just important things† I. Positive: If the young person will comprehend that they are in a spending plan †he/she will get familiar with the estimation of frugality and purchasing just the important things. ii. Positive: The Money will be utilized to purchase progressively vital things. iii. Negative: If the young person won't comprehend †the adolescent might be frustrated and could destroy their relation ship 4. Suggestion of another option (or Make the Decision) My proposal is to a greater degree a mix of various Alternatives expressed previously. First is having a discussion with the young person, it is important to cause him to comprehend the circumstance †the family is on a tight spending plan. Second, it is additionally fundamental that the young person has a section in purchasing the device †he/she should have a commitment, ideally cash he/she earned. Third, the arrangement must be planned in a way that builds up more trust between the guardians and the youngster, just as get ready for his/her future. My suggestion is the Matching Savings Alternative joined with Part-time elective †this spurs the young person, just as instructs him to spare and to spending his accounts. Having the Matching investment funds elective limits the strain to the adolescent in his work, while the Part-time elective limits the weight of sparing and relinquishing the school day remittance. This blend builds up an organization between them, just as showing the young person the significant outlook and aptitudes he will require later on. Likewise this sort of joint endeavor could work for some other undertaking or potentially for his future needs. . What is required for the Alternative (Implementation of the Decision) To execute the mix, you should help the adolescent get low maintenance line of work, one that doesn't struggle with his examinations †ends of the week. You will likewise need to open a record with the bank; a few banks have these sorts of records (ex. Savvy record of RCBC)- Joint recor d, while giving the authority of the passbook to the young person †as an indication of trust. 6. Step by step instructions to Monitor Solution/What are the potential impacts of the Alternative (Monitor you arrangement): It is critical to screen/tract the advancement of the

Christianity In Mrs Dalloway - 1723 Words

In her essay Modern Fiction, Virginia Woolf stated that all that the artists of the time could be certain of was that â€Å"certain gratitude’s and hostilities inspire us† (158). In order to understand what drove modernists to innovate and create their literature, scholars need to understand what these â€Å"hostilities† are. There where multiple upheavals at the beginning of the twenty first century that resulted in many people feeling disconnected and hopeless about the world they lived in. However, this essay will focus primarily on society’s deteriorating relationship with Christianity. Accordingly, this essay will demonstrate how Woolf represented this struggle in her novel Mrs Dalloway through the use of stream of consciousness.†¦show more content†¦At the turn of the century, society began according to question the authority of the church and look towards other sources of meaning. According Lewis, â€Å"the abstract intellectual forces lik e Dialectic and the earthly values like Money that seemed to him to have replaced religion.† (19). Thus it can be argued that Clarissa looks to her status as a member of the upper class rather than religion to find solace in her life. In one of his many musings on Clarissa, Peter Walsh of that perhaps â€Å"she thought there were no Gods; no one was to blame; and so she evolved this atheist’s religion of doing good for the sake of goodness.† (77). Walsh also reflects on the fact that Clarissa has endured many hardships in her life, such as the death of her sister that have influenced her perception of a Godless world. As it is with all the characters, Clarissa often gets caught in a thought spiral of despair, for example, when vesting the flower shop she ponders â€Å"the soul, never to be content quite, or quite secure, for at any moment the brute would be stirring, this hatred†(12). This demonstrates that Clarissa is struggling to come to terms with the hardships of modern life and little solace in the creed of the church that British society in the past. Instead she attempts to find comfort in her party planning, in the hops that bringing people together inShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Mrs. Dalloway by Ââ€" Virginia Woolf Essay1460 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Mrs. Dalloway by Ââ€" Virginia Woolf Mrs. Dalloway, published in 1925, is a romantic drama with deep psychological approaching in to the world of urban English society in the summer of 1923, five years after the end of World War I. The book begins in the morning with the arrangements for a party Clarissa Dalloway will give and it ends late in the evening when the guests are all leaving. There are many flashbacks to tell us the past of each character, but it does not leave the range ofRead MoreMrs Dalloway1427 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Mrs. Dalloway Ââ€" Virginia Woolf Mrs. Dalloway, published in 1925, is a romantic drama with deep psychological approaching in to the world of urban English society in the summer of 1923, five years after the end of World War I. The book begins in the morning with the arrangements for a party Clarissa Dalloway will give and it ends late in the evening when the guests are all leaving. There are many flashbacks to tell us the past of each character, but it does not leave the range of thoseRead MoreThe World War I And Christ Essay986 Words   |  4 Pagesspeak the good news of the Lord he did this by telling people what the Lord can do and what he has in stored for us, so other people would understand the reality of humanity. In Arthur F. Bethea, â€Å"Septimus, the War-Shattered Christ Substitute in Mrs. Dalloway†, writes â€Å"Septimus, That life is not only what we experience around us but it goes beyond that. â€Å"Septimus perceives himself as â€Å"the Lord†........come renew society† (25),† carrying â€Å"the greatest message in world†Ã¢â‚¬  (83). â€Å"Septimus thinks that theRead MoreResisting Violence and Suffering Concealed by Corruption Essay1286 Words   |   6 Pagesthat cannot be changed, than what matters is to bear witness to the uniquely human capacity to deal with these kind of people , which is to transform a personal tragedy into joy, to turn ones predicament into a human achievement for example in Mrs. Dalloway (novel) and In the name of the father (movie) because of unfair laws corrupt judicial system and exploitation of power by government, people’s rights are violated and they are drawn into violence than their families suffer due to the isolationRead MoreAdaptations of Virginia Wolfe Essay2339 Words   |  10 Pagesa new form. The novels, The Hours, Mrs. Dalloway, and the film The Hours are three compositions that were recast by their creators in order to explore a different area from those mediums. Virginia Woolf, Michael Cunningham and Stephen Daldry all focused on the condition of depression and how it affects a woman and what that woman goes through while trying to live a life of normalcy. Cunningham and Daldry adapted their pieces from Woolfs, Mrs. Dalloway not only because it was a work by VirginiaRead MoreThe Hours - Film Analysis12007 Words   |  49 Pagesnovel (229-30), and his central intertext taken from fiction, Woolfs Mrs. Dalloway. By entitling his novel The Hours -- one of the titles Woolf considered for her novel in its early stages (Hussey 172)--he shows his indebtedness as a postmodernist writer to one of the principal texts of the modernist canon. In The Hours, all three narrative strands are in one way or the other connected to Mrs. Dalloway: the sections entitled Mrs. Woolf follow the author Virginia Woolf through a single day in 1923Read MoreThe Clash of Cultures and Races in A Passage to India2861 Words   |  12 Pagesthe novel also addresses questions of faith, in a social and religious conventions. The story begins when Two englishwomen, the young Miss Adela Quested and the elderly Mrs. Moore, travel to India. Adela expects to become engaged to Mrs. Moore’s son, Ronny, a British magistrate in the Indian city of Chandrapore. Adela and Mrs. Moore each hope to see the real India during their visit, rather than cultural institutions imported by the British. At the same time, Aziz, a young Muslim doctor in IndiaRead MorePsychological Anxieties in English Literature Essay1965 Words   |  8 Pagesrenaissance period the hero’s in Gorboduc, The Spanish tragedy, Hamlet Macbeth, if analyzed, their tragedy caused by fatal flaw in their character, similarly the hero’s in the modern novel like Ulysses, Maurice, The love song of J. Alfred Prufrock, Mrs Dalloway Portrait of a lady deals with their contemporary issues expressed through stream of consciousness their character’s suppressed and repressed physical and emotional desires. The concept of intently choosing the hero’s from different age was toRead MoreA Brief Analysis on Sexism in English5522 Words   |  23 Pages8). the captain of a ship that transport goods; 9). a famous painter who lived in the past; 10). a version of a record, tape, film/movie, etc. from which copies are made; 11). a title used when speaking to or about a boy who is too young to be calle d Mr.; 12). (in Britain) the title of the head of some schools and university colleges; 13). a title used for speaking to or about some religious teachers or leaders.5 Among the previous meanings of â€Å"master†, definition1), 2), 3), 4), 5), 7), 8), 9),Read MoreModernism in the Old Man the Sea3759 Words   |  16 Pages‘Victorian era’ – this stabilizing synthesis was rooted in the idea that reality dominates over subjective impressions. Central to this synthesis were common assumptions and institutional frames of reference, including the religious norms found in Christianity, scientific norms found in classical physics and doctrines that asserted that the depiction of external reality from an objective standpoint was not only possible but desirable. Cultural critics and historians label this set of doctrines Realism

Foreign Exchange Market Essay - 1629 Words

Foreign Exchange Market The foreign exchange market is one of the most important financial markets. It affects the relative price of goods between countries and so can affect trade. It means that it affects the price of imports and so affects a country’s price level (inflation rate). It also affects the international investment and financing decision. In this project, we will try to find why exchange rate would give many risks to a company and how a company can hedge itself. Definition of Exchange Rate The price of one currency expressed in terms of another currency is called an exchange rate. With the price it is normal to quote them as the price for one unit of the good. The price of a jacket is how much you have to pay†¦show more content†¦It shows that it fluctuates over time and the spread is from 0.6018 to 0.6738. If we consider this point, we can see how important the exchange is. For example, if the yearly international sales are $10 million US dollars and if the exporter wants to convert US dollars into AUS dollars, he/she may need to hedge for himself/herself. If the exporter can buy a forward contract in a year time at SUS/AUS=0.6138 in 1 January 1999, he/she will receive $AUS16.3 million dollars in 1 January 2000. However, if the exporter does not do anything about it, the exchange rate is SUS/AUS=0.6583 and he/she will only receive $AUS15.2 million dollars. There is a large difference between those two strategies about $AUS1.1 million dollars. Thus, we can how large the difference is. However, there are still many other effects to affect the exchange rates such as: Economic conditions Government policies Economic Conditions A country’s economic condition has a great effect on the exchange rate such as inflation rate, interest rate. From theory, it can be observed in the covered interest parity, uncovered interest parity and purchasing power parity. We all know that at a booming period, the exchange rate should appreciate that is bad to exporters and at a recession period, the exchange rate should be depreciate that is bad to importers. However, the following case is to illustrate that when the exchange is depreciating, thereShow MoreRelatedForeign Exchange Market5177 Words   |  21 Pageseuro? 2. Currently, in the spot market $1 = 106.45 Japanese yen, 1 Japanese yen = 0.00966 euro, and 1 euro = 9.0606 Mexican pesos. What is the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the Mexican peso? 3. A currency trader observes the following quotes in the spot market: 122 Japanese yen = 1 U.S. dollar 2.28 Swiss francs = 1 British pound 1 British pound = 1.6542 U.S. dollars Given this information, what is the exchange rate between the Swiss franc (SF) andRead MoreIntroduction Of The Foreign Exchange Market1610 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction to the Foreign Exchange Market As the leading financial market in the world, the Foreign Exchange Market consists of several types of financial institutions, such as, investors, such as, central banks, brokers, and investment firms. The Foreign Exchange Market does not have an actual physical location; it is a worldwide system of computers. Currency traders are linked together from all over the world by these computers. Once currency traders enter the network, the computers allow themRead MoreCurrency and Foreign Exchange Market1178 Words   |  5 PagesDETERMINATION OF EXCHANGE RATES 2.3 Exchange rates depend on a. relative inflation rates b. relative interest rates c. relative wages d. a and b 2.5 During the second half of 1997, currencies and stock market prices plunged in value across Southeast Asia, beginning in a. Thailand b. Malaysia c. Indonesia d. South Korea 2.7 When monetary authorities have not insulated their domestic money supplies from the foreign exchange transactions, itRead MoreThe Foreign Exchange Market Of Brazil919 Words   |  4 PagesThe Foreign Exchange Market The country of Brazil has been in existence since 1493 under Portuguese rule for more than fifty years. Located in South America, Brazil is the seventh largest country in the world and the most populated of all of the South American countries. Brazil received their independence from Portuguese in 1822. Prior to their independence Brazil became very diverse with a mixture of Indians, Europeans and Africans to work their growing labor demand. The Brazilian export experienceRead MoreIntroduction Of The Foreign Exchange Market Essay1743 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction to the Foreign Exchange Market As the leading financial market in the world, the Foreign Exchange Market consists of several types of financial institutions, such as, investors, such as, central banks, brokers, and investment firms. The Foreign Exchange Market does not have an actual physical location; it is a worldwide system of computers. Currency traders are linked together from all over the world by these computers. Once currency traders enter the network, the computers allow themRead MoreFunctions Of Foreign Exchange Markets Essay1656 Words   |  7 Pagescountries enter business together there must be currency conversion, foreign exchange markets exist because there is need to move these currencies around (Murray, Ju, Gao, 2012).. Foreign exchange market is where currencies are traded (worldbank.org). Foreign exchange is a mechanism by which the currency of one country gets converted to the currency of another country (Menkhoff, Sarno, Schmeling, Schrimpf, 2016). Exchange rates are one of the indicators of that affect the economic activitiesRead MoreIntroduction Of The Foreign Exchange Market Essay1325 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction to the Foreign Exchange Market As the leading financial market in the world, the Foreign Exchange Market consists of several types of financial institutions, such as, investors, such as, central banks, brokers, and investment firms. The Foreign Exchange Market does not have an actual physical location; it is a worldwide system of computers. Currency traders are linked together from all over the world by these computers. Once currency traders enter the network, the computers allow themRead MoreForeign Exchange Market of Bangladesh7676 Words   |  31 Pages1. Introduction 1.1 Objective Objective of this report is to give an overview of the Foreign Exchange Market. Towards that, an attempt has been made to describe the nature of the market, identify the traders and factors, and give an idea about the size of the market and the volume of trading. 1.2 Methodology This report has been primarily based on secondary research – various publications of Bangladesh Bank and other banks, notably HSBC and Standard Chartered Bank, newspaper reports, web-sitesRead MoreForeign Exchange Market in India12734 Words   |  51 Pages| Foreign Exchange Market | Its Functions And Structure | | | | The term market has been interpreted in Economics as the place where both the buyers as well as the sellers meet and they buy and or sell goods. The foreign exchange market is a place where the transactions in foreign exchange are conducted. In practical world the external transaction requires the use of foreign purchasing power i.e. foreign currency. The foreign exchange market facilitates such transactions byRead MoreU.s. Foreign Exchange Market1550 Words   |  7 Pagestraveled to a foreign country—preferably outside the tourist traps—and spent money, you probably had to exchange your domestic money for local currency. Regardless of where you made such a trade, such as at a currency exchange kiosk when you landed at the airport, the fact that you successfully transacted two, completely distinct currencies related by an exchange rate means that you were, for the briefest of moments, a participant in the nearly $4-trillion-a-day foreign exchange market, or forex. But

Sources of Finance

Questions: Task 1 1. Identify different sources of finance to expand your business. This may include raising funds through a combination of internal and external sources of finance. 2. Assess the implications of different sources of finance and explain the legal and financial implications of your choice. 3. Evaluate suitable sources of finance for your business project and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of your financial choice. Task 2 1.Identify and analyse the cost of finance for your chosen sources. 2. Write a letter to the Manager of Fort Sports Ltd explaining the importance of financial planning and discuss why financial planning is important for the success of the organisation. 3. Evaluate the information needs of different decision makers within an organisation. 4. Explain the impact of finance on the financial statements. Discuss how different types of finance and their costs would appear in the financial statements of your business. Task 3 1. You are required to assess the viability of a project using investment appraisal techniques. Briefly explain which project would you recommend and why? (a) Net present value (NPV) (b) Payback Period (years) Task 4 1. Explain the main financial statements produced by a business. 2. Compare appropriate formats of financial statements (Income statement and balance sheet) for a Sole Trader and a Public Limited Company. 3. Calculate, compare and interpret financial statements using following ratios for the information given above for both businesses: (i) Gross Profit Margin (ii) Net profit Margin (iii) Current Ratio (iv) Quick Ratio (v) Gearing Answers: Task 1: 1. sources of finance: Fort Sports Ltd. is a small company and wanted to expand its business. It can raise its funds through both internal sources and the external sources of funds. The external sources of funds include: Short term funds: Bank overdraft through this facility, the customers of the bank, that is, the individuals or business having account in the bank can overdraw their accounts and the surplus amount would be repaid by the client within a specified period. Trade credit the business people get a grace period for repaying their loan. Debt factoring here the business can sell its bill receivables to debt factoring company at a discounted price. Long-term funds: Owners the fund invested by the shareholders can be invested for the business. Loans Loan can be taken from both bank and family. Debentures loans made to another company (Berrington and Bhandari, 2012). Mortgage this is also a loan, but the monthly payments are distributed to many years. Hire purchase or leasing monthly payment or final payment according to an agreement is also possible. The internal sources include: It includes the funds available within the organization, such as a part of the profit can be used for expansion. 2: Implications Of Various Sources: Fort Sport Limited will face several implications for several sources of finance. The company can implement the internal sources by using a proportion of the profit of the previous year. It can also implement the short-term funds like bank overdraft according to the rule of the bank, and trade credit for the range of 1 week to 90 days (Bulkowski, 2013). Among the long-term funds, the company can implement loan from banks. In case of equity finance, the ownership of the organization Fort Sport Limited will be diluted. On the other hand, in case of debt financing, the debt portion of the firm will increase along with the interest expenses. However, with the help of short-term funds, the organization can meet their working capital requirements. 3: Advantages And Disadvantages Of Sources: Bank overdraft, trade credit and bank loans are suitable sources of fund for the company. Bank overdraft: Advantage Disadvantages Security is not needed. Interest rates are higher than bank loans and variable. Amount can be adjusted according to needs. Cash flow problems may occur. Trade credit: Disadvantage No interest has to be paid. Cash discounts may not be received. Bank loans: Advantage Disadvantage It is a traditional way. Different rules and regulations may cause obstacle. It is recommended that that the organization Fort Sport Limited can opt for both short-term and long-term loans. Short-term trade credit will allow the firm to carry out their working capital cycle efficiently. In addition to this, long-term bank loans is less risky and keep the cost of capital of the firm in check for the management of the firm. The ratio of source of funds for the organization can be 50 percent- trade credit, 30 percent-bank loan and 20 percent-bank overdraft. Task 2: 1: Analysis Of Cost Of Finance: Following are the suitable source of funds for Fort Sports Ltd: Source of Finance Bank overdraft Through this facility, the customers of the bank, that is, the individuals or business having account in the bank can overdraw their accounts and the surplus amount would be repaid by the client within a specified period (Cumming, 2012). The rate of interest, the limit of the overdraft amount differs from bank to bank. Trade credit The business people get a grace period for repaying their loan. It is specially formulated for the business that deals with a supplier. The range of the grace period is between 1 week to 90 days. This range of period varies depending on the type of business and the industry in which the specified company belongs to (Shim, Siegel and Shim, 2012). Bank loans When the company receives a certain amount of money from the bank and in return the company has to pay the interest along with the principle amount is called bank loan. It is recommended that that the organization Fort Sport Limited can opt for both short-term and long-term loans. Short-term trade credit will allow the firm to carry out their working capital cycle efficiently. In addition to this, long-term bank loans is less risky and keep the cost of capital of the firm in check for the management of the firm. The ratio of source of funds for the organization can be 50 percent- trade credit, 30 percent-bank loan and 20 percent-bank overdraft. 2: Letter To A Manager: The Manager, Fort Sports Ltd. Respected Sir, The objective of the company is to grow and expand. Thus the main aim of the management is to increase the capacity of the production and to implement the various financing options appropriately. Thus financial planning is mandatory for the betterment of the firm. As without proper planning, the management could not invest the proper proportion of fund at various sectors. Therefore an estimated budget should be prepared. Please take remedial measures as early as possible for the growth of the company. Thanking You, Finance Manager, Head offices, Fort Sports Ltd. Date 27. 07. 2015 3: Needs Of Information: Information about the financial condition of the company is mandatory for the various decision makers of the organization. As the decision makers analyze the budget, annual report for the betterment of the company and also find out the ways to recover the negativities of the company (Drury, 2012). According to the availability of the information, even the share holders invest in the stock market. Thus, all types of financial information are necessary for making a plan and taking a decision. The different types of information needs can be in the form of liquidity, profitability and cost structure of the firm. If the operational costs of the organization are on the higher side, then, the organization is exposed to higher operational risk. Another form of information can be in the form of cash budget and variances budget of the organization. These are the various types of information that are required in case of decision making for the organization. 4: Impact Of Finance On Financial Statements: The different types of finance, which would appear in the financial statements of the company, are sales revenue, shareholders equity capital, issue of shares, purchase of treasury, payment of dividend, cost, expenses, borrowings, and collections of money. Firstly, sales should be mentioned in transaction as it increases the revenue in income statement. Profit is affected by sales revenue (Groppelli and Nikbakht, 2012). But sales decrease the merchandised goods in balance sheet and increase account receivable. Secondly, collection of money decreases the account receivable and increase cash. Thus capital of the company is increased. Thirdly, increases in the shareholders equity increase the total assets and equity in balance sheet. Lastly, issue of new shares would increase the interest. Task 3a: 1 (a) Cash Budget: CASH BUDGET OF BRENTWOOD STORE For 4 months, 2015 JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER Opening balance 90000 213000 206000 200000 Sales 300000 312000 370000 410000 Total Receivables (A) 390000 525000 576000 610000 Cash purchase 110000 180000 210000 250000 suppliers credit 56000 72000 86000 rent 5000 - - 5000 other expenses 42000 63000 74000 81000 Loan 20000 20000 20000 Total Payables (B) 177000 319000 376000 422000 A-B 213000 206000 200000 188000 Surplus means when the income of the company exceeds the expenditure in a specific time period. Deficit means when the expenditure of the company exceeds the income of the company in a specific time period (Horngren and Horngren, 2012). Here, according to the cash budget, the total receivables exceeds the total payables of the company, thus, it is surplus for the company for all the four months. The cash budget should always be positive, and for positive opening balance, the receivables should be higher than the payables. This positivity is the sign of healthy financial condition of the company. Several recommendation s can be given regarding their cash budget of the firm. The above cash budget reflects that cash balance was the lowest in case of August and September. Therefore, it is important for the firm BRENTWOOD STORE to minimize the cost of operations and cost of purchase by a considerable percentage. In addition to this, the organization may also curtail other variable expenses to cut down the respective costs. Task 3 b: cost analysis: 3.2 (a): i) Selling price per unit = Total sales / Number of Units = 61600/200 = 308 ii) Total profit earned = Total sales Total costs = (61600 - 44000) = 17600 3.2 (b): i) Selling price per unit = Total sales/ Number of Units = 123200/400 = 308 ii) Total Profit earned = Total sales Total costs = (123200 - 74000) = 49200 Task 3c: 3 (a) Net Present Value: NPV of Project A = [20000/(1+0.10) + 28500/(1+0.10)2 + 36000/(1+0.10)3 + 40500/(1+0.10)4 ] - 80000 = 18181.81 + 23553.71 + 27047.33 + 27662.04 = 96444.89 80000 = 16444.89 NPV of Project B = [34000/(1+0.10) + 34000/(1+0.10)2 + 34000/(1+0.10)3 + 34000/(1+0.10)4 ] - 95000 = 30909.09 + 28099.17 + 25544.70 + 23222.45 = 107775.41 95000 = 12775.41 NPV of Project C = [20000/(1+0.10) + 30000/(1+0.10)2 + 42000/(1+0.10)3 + 42000/(1+0.10)4 ] 90000 = 18181.81 + 24793.38 + 31555.22 + 28686.56 = 103216.97 90000 = 13216.97 As the Project A has the highest positive NPV value, thus Project A should be suggested. 3 (b): Payback Period: Payback period for Project A: Cash flow () Cumulative cash flow () Outflow 80000 (80000) Year 1 20000 (60000) Year 2 28500 (31500) Year 3 36000 4500 Year 4 40500 36000 Payback period (when inflow amount varies) = A + (B/C) Where, A = last period with negative cumulative cash flow B = absolute cumulative cash flow value at end of period A C = total cash flow during period after A Payback period = 2 + (31500/36000) = 2.8 years Payback period for Project B: Payback period (when cash inflows are ideal) = Initial investment/ Cash flow per period = 95000/ 34000 = 2.8 years Payback period for Project C: Cash flow () Cumulative cash flow () Outflow 90000 (90000) Year 1 20000 (70000) Year 2 30000 (40000) Year 3 42000 2000 Year 4 42000 40000 Payback period = 2 + (40000/ 42000) = 2.9 years Though both the projects A and B have the same payback period, since the positive value of NPV is greater in project A, the recommended project should be project A. Task 4: financial performance of a business: 1: Main Financial Statements Produced By Business: There are three financial statements which are commonly produced by business are as follows: Income statement: Expenses, revenues and profits are the major components of income statement. Income statement displays two matters - the revenue and the net income or loss. The key elements of income statement are sales, non operating expenses and operating expenses (Horngren, Harrison and Oliver, 2012). Balance sheet: It includes assets, liabilities and shareholders equity (O'Hare, 2012). Assets are three types current assets, fixed assets and cash and inventory. Liabilities include both short-term and long-term. Cash flow statement: It includes three types of activities operating activities, financial activities and investing activities (Peterson Drake and Fabozzi, 2012). 2: Comparison Between Financial Statements Of Sole Trader And Public Limited Company: Sole trader does not have to make a balance sheet. But it is mandatory for the public limited companies (Robinson, 2012). Sole Trade Company has to pay 50% tax, whereas, limited companies have to pay only 20% of the corporate tax. Thus limited companies have to pay lesser tax (Seal, Garrison and Noreen, 2012). 3: Ratio Analysis: i) Gross profit margin ratio = (Gross profit/ Net Sales) * 100 For Manufacturing: = (10400/ 40870) * 100 = 25.44 For Wholesale: = (12430/26540) * 100 = 46.83 The wholesale is in better position as the ratio is higher. ii) Net profit margin = (Net profit/ Net sales) * 100 For Manufacturing: = (5850/ 40870) * 100 = 14.31 For Wholesale: = (2950/ 26540) * 100 = 11.11 The manufacturing is in better position as the ratio is higher. iii) Current ratio = Current assets/ Current liabilities For Distribution: = 2510/ 1950 = 1.28 For Retail: = 5070/ 2950 = 1.71 Retail is in better position as the ratio is higher. iv) Quick ratio: = (Current assets - Inventories)/ Current liabilities For Distribution: = (2510 - 2420)/ 1950 =0.04 For Retail: = (5070 - 2370)/ 2950 = 0.91 Retail is in better position as the ratio is higher. v) Gearing ratio = Total debt/ Total Equity For Distribution: = 3950/ 6950 = 0.56 For Retail: = 6120/ 11620 = 0.52 The above ratios reflect that retail segment has a higher liquidity ratio than the segment of distribution. The working capital cycle of the firm is also effective in retail segment than in distribution segment. References Berrington, M. and Bhandari, V. (2012).Pinnacle financial statements. [Sydney]: IFRS System. Bulkowski, T. (2013).Fundamental analysis and position trading. Hoboken: WILEY. Cumming, D. (2012).The Oxford handbook of entrepreneurial finance. New York: Oxford University Press. Drury, C. (2012).Management and cost accounting. Andover: Cengage Learning. Groppelli, A. and Nikbakht, E. (2012).Finance. Hauppauge, N.Y.: Barron's. Horngren, C. and Horngren, C. (2012).Management accounting. Toronto: Pearson Canada. Horngren, C., Harrison, W. and Oliver, M. (2012).Accounting. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. O'Hare, J. (2012).Analyzing Financial Statements for Non-Specialists. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Peterson Drake, P. and Fabozzi, F. (2012).Analysis of financial statements. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Robinson, T. (2012).International financial statement analysis. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Seal, W., Garrison, R. and Noreen, E. (2012).Management accounting. London: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Shim, J., Siegel, J. and Shim, J. (2012).Financial accounting. New York: McGraw-Hill.

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